Water is fundamental to sustenance of life and safe drinking water is so essential that is why it is recognized as a basic human right (WHO, 2015). Worldwide 2.2 billion people do not have access to adequate supplies of water and almost 4.2 billion people suffer from poor sanitation problems, and latest UN data estimated that by 2050 this could rise to almost 5 billion peoples living in areas of water scarcity. Millions of people, particularly children, annually from contaminated water and about 95% of deadly diseases in are related to water consumption. Therefore, water is essential to sustainable development, about 673 million people practice open defecation and estimated 3 billion people have no access to basic hand washing facilities to practice personal hygiene (WHO, 2021).

Globally, 663 million people lack access to safe water although there is regional variation. The populations without access to safe drinking water are mainly in Sub-Sahara Africa. Millions of people in rural communities and poor urban centers throughout this region suffer from lack of clean, safe water (Water Project, 2015). In 2004, only 59% of the world population had access to any type of improved sanitation facility, 4 out of 10 people worldwide have no access to improved sanitation. Therefore, they defecate in the open or use unsanitary facilities, with a serious risk of exposure to sanitation-related diseases. The global statistics on sanitation hide the dire situation in some developing regions. With an average coverage in developing regions of 50%, only one out of two people has access to some sort of improved sanitation facility.

It was agrees that sensitization and awareness campaign should be organize to educates the stakeholders and their subjects on adequate strategies to adopt to avert severe water scarcity. Currently, individual solutions are adopted at the household level e.g. pit latrines, septic tanks and storage. There is very little sewerage in urban Nigeria. Regarding solid waste, while there is some level of public and private solid waste collection, the frequency of collection is poor. The storm water drainage system is frequently a disposal point for solid waste. Moreover, disposal, when waste is collected, is by dumping rather than sanitary landfill and is a major cause of water pollution either through the storm water drainage system or through seepage into the groundwater. Wastewater disposal pollutes the surface water. Being in an embryonic stage, the sanitation sub-sector requires better-formulated policies and a massive injection of wellformulated investments, designed specifically for African conditions, combined with institutional reforms. The Bank has been the only donor in the sub-sector with three projects to address this situation, but these efforts need to be multiplied significantly.

The 1997 survey also indicated that about 15% of the population did not have access to safe excreta disposal facilities and that about 75 % use pit latrines. The situation throughout the country is thought to be worse than this, with many facilities not operational or not well maintained. About 60 % of the people were shown to discharge their wastewater directly to the environment with no consideration of aesthetic or health consequences. Although water quantities are comparatively low since water is mostly hand-carried, drainage in many areas is poor, and good breeding conditions for mosquitoes are created. Most residents have no organized way of dealing with their solid waste. Water Supply and Sanitation Challenges in Small Towns and Rural Areas In rural areas, 8 out of 10 people still lack access to improved drinking water sources, with the majority living in Sub-Saharan Africa (319 million) and South Asia (134 million). With only 51 percent of the rural world's population using improved sanitation facilities, rural areas lag far behind urban areas, where the access rate is 82 percent. Seven out of 10 people live without improved sanitation facilities, and The research utilized both primary and secondary data. Primary data was sourced using questionnaire and field observation (Olajuyigbe, 2012),while the secondary data were derived from documentary sources such as journal articles, dissertation, and technical reports. One hundred (100) questionnaires were use in data collection. The questionnaires were distributed using multi stage sampling. The study area were group according to strata, therefore, political wards was considered as strata in the research. Then, systematic sampling was used where by the researcher select the first house randomly in each stratum and count the ten houses subsequently to administered the research instrument. The process continues until all the questionnaires were exhausted.

Figure 3 shows that more than two-third of the respondents (80%) have availability of water. This indicates that there is water availability in Hadejia area. Figure7 displays that most of the respondents have toilet (92%). This indicates that water for purification and flushing (in some modern toilets) is needed. Most of the respondent share toilet facilities their family members (55%); with 45% of respondents do not share toilet facilities with their household (figure 9).

Figure 10 indicates that 83% of the respondents have 1 to 3 toilet facility in their houses; 10% of the respondents have 4 to 6 toilet facility. Those have 7 and above takes 7%. This showcases typical traditional Hausa land where they have homestead with more than 50 persons per house. Therefore, they need more toilets.

Source: Field Survey, 2022 The main method used by the respondents in managing waste water is disposal via gutter which has 90% then disposal on ground which took 10% (Figure 11). This is in accord with finding of Mansur (2015) Based on the result of this research, it is indicated that 67%, 21% and 12% of the respondents believe that the sanitation and water supply is good, average and poor status (Figure 12). Personal hygiene took the highest score (83%), followed by environmental sanitation (10%). To other respondents, improving toilet facilities will improve sanitation in the study area (Figure 13). This negates the finding of Ali et al. (2018) proposes improve toilet facility as the major control measure, followed by cleaning environment and adequate sanitary measures.

Water at sufficient quality and quantity is indispensable for qualitative health. Water supply in the study area is recommendable because 79% of the respondents sources water from tap water system that is clean and hygienic, and they cover minimal distances to the sources. Majority of the respondents are having average income earners and their income is above poverty line of US$1.90 (conversion level $1 = #360, i.e. 1.90 * #420 = #798) per day. These translate to good sanitation, as all the respondents have toilet in their respective household. The overall score of environmental sanitation in the study area according to the research base on respondent's views is good.